Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth．The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails．The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to puzzle you---appears to be the key to the finding．

Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week．In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told．Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium．He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls．

His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists．Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the indirect contact of emailing would make it easier to lie．Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication．

But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time．People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says．This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone．

People are also more likely to lie in real time---in an instant message or phone call, say---than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock．He found many lies are spontaneous（脫口而出） responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”

Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate．For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth．But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email．

小題1:Hancock’s study focuses on _______．

A．the consequences of lying in various communications media

B．the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas

C．people are less likely to lie in instant messages

D．people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media

小題2:Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that _____．

A．people are less likely to lie instant messages

B．people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions

C．people are most likely to lie in email communication

D．people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations

小題3:According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?

A．They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies

B．They believe that honesty is the best policy

C．They tend to be relaxed wh en using those media

D．They are most practised at those forms of communication

小題4:It can be inferred from the passage that ________．

A．honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications

B．suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes

C．more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees

D．email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company